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Hantavirus: The Silent Danger of Rodents

Hantavirus is a genus of viruses transmitted by infected rodents, representing a threat to public health in many parts of the world. Hantavirus infection can lead to two serious syndromes: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), both with high mortality rates.

Transmission and Reservoirs: Rodents as Vectors

Hantaviruses are transmitted to humans primarily through inhalation of aerosols containing viral particles present in the urine, feces or saliva of infected rodents. Transmission can also occur through direct contact with infected rodents, bites or ingestion of contaminated food or water.

Several species of rodents can serve as reservoirs for different types of hantavirus. The species of rodent involved varies according to the geographic region.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): The Respiratory Threat

HPS is a severe acute respiratory syndrome characterized by:

  • Fever
  • Muscle aches
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath
  • Pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs)
  • Respiratory failure

HPS has a mortality rate that can reach 50%.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS): The Renal Impact

HFRS is a hemorrhagic and renal syndrome characterized by:

  • Fever
  • Headaches
  • Abdominal pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Bleeding
  • Renal failure

HFRS has a mortality rate that ranges from 1% to 15%, depending on the type of hantavirus involved.

Diagnosis and Treatment: Challenges and Limited Options

Diagnosis of hantavirus infection is made through laboratory tests that detect antibodies against the virus in the patient's blood. Differential diagnosis with other febrile and respiratory illnesses is essential.

Currently, there is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. Treatment is supportive, aimed at relieving symptoms and treating complications. In cases of HPS, mechanical ventilation may be necessary to assist breathing.

Prevention and Control: Essential Measures

Prevention of hantavirus infection involves rodent control measures, such as:

  • Eliminating sources of food and shelter for rodents
  • Sealing cracks and holes in homes and buildings
  • Cleaning and disinfecting areas contaminated with rodent urine, feces or saliva
  • Using personal protective equipment (PPE) when cleaning contaminated areas

Raising awareness of the risks of hantavirus infection and the importance of seeking medical attention if symptoms develop are also essential.

The Global Hantavirus Threat

Hantavirus infection poses a public health threat in many parts of the world, with cases reported in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Epidemiological surveillance and ongoing research are essential to monitor the occurrence of the disease and develop new prevention and treatment strategies.

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